210-260 Implementing Cisco Network Security

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QUESTION 1
Which two services define cloud networks? (Choose two.)

A. Infrastructure as a Service
B. Platform as a Service
C. Security as a Service
D. Compute as a Service
E. Tenancy as a Service

Answer:

Explanation:

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QUESTION 2
In which two situations should you use out-of-band management? (Choose two.)

A. when a network device fails to forward packets
B. when you require ROMMON access
C. when management applications need concurrent access to the device
D. when you require administrator access from multiple locations
E. when the control plane fails to respond

Answer:

Explanation:

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QUESTION 3
In which three ways does the TACACS protocol differ from RADIUS? (Choose three.)

A. TACACS uses TCP to communicate with the NAS.
B. TACACS can encrypt the entire packet that is sent to the NAS.
C. TACACS supports per-command authorization.
D. TACACS authenticates and authorizes simultaneously, causing fewer packets to be transmitted.
E. TACACS uses UDP to communicate with the NAS.
F. TACACS encrypts only the password field in an authentication packet.

Answer:

Explanation:

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QUESTION 4
According to Cisco best practices, which three protocols should the default ACL allow on an
access port to enable wired BYOD devices to supply valid credentials and connect to the network?
(Choose three.)

A. BOOTP
B. TFTP
C. DNS
D. MAB
E. HTTP
F. 802.1x

Answer:

Explanation:

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QUESTION 5
Which two next-generation encryption algorithms does Cisco recommend? (Choose two.)

A. AES
B. 3DES
C. DES
D. MD5
E. DH-1024
F. SHA-384

Answer:

Explanation:

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Is Microsoft about to get rid of MCSA?

On Monday, Microsoft Learning’s Born To Learn blog released some information on upcoming Windows 10 exams and related certification news — and if you read between the lines, it appears the Microsoft Certified Solutions Associate (MCSA) certification may be riding off into the sunset sometime in the near future. I’ll talk about why I think this is the case a little later on, but first let’s look at the Windows 10 exam news.

In this blog post, Microsoft announced that the first Windows 10 exam will be 70-697: Configuring Windows Devices. This exam was released in beta back in September, and is reportedly still available to candidates. If you decide to take the beta exam, be warned that it does not qualify for Microsoft’s “Second Shot” free retake promotion, and score reports won’t be issued for several weeks after the beta period ends.

For those interested in the 70-697 exam, here is a list of the knowledge domains and how much exam content is devoted to each:

● Manage identity (13 percent)
● Plan desktop and device deployment (13 percent)
● Plan and implement a Microsoft Intune device management solution (11 percent)
● Configure networking (11 percent)
● Configure storage (10 percent)
● Manage data access and protection (11 percent)
● Manage remote access (10 percent)
● Manage apps (11 percent)
● Manage updates and recovery (10 percent)

The blog post goes on to say that the second Windows 10-related exam will be 70-698: Planning for and Managing Windows Devices. This exam is still being developed, and hasn’t been released to beta yet.

There was also Windows 10 certification news for software developers. There are two new Microsoft Certified Solutions Developer (MCSD) exams currently running in beta:

● 70-354: Universal Windows Platform – App Architecture and UX/UI
● 70-355: Universal Windows Platform – App Data, Services, and Coding Patterns

If you pass both of these exams, along with exam 70-483: Programming in C#, you earn the MCSD: Universal Windows Platform certification.

Okay, now for the good stuff. Let’s talk about the MCSA, and why I think it’s going away. Eh?

Here is a list of every MCSA certification track available as of this writing:

● Windows 7
● Windows 8
● Windows Server 2008
● Windows Server 2012
● SQL Server 2008
● SQL Server 2012
● Office 365

There is no longer an MCSA track for SQL Server — the exams for the new SQL Server 2014 product were added to existing MCSE certification tracks. So, when the SQL Server 2008 and 2012 exams are eventually retired, the SQL Server MCSA tracks will be gone.

On the desktop side, the MCSA: Windows 7 certification is still available, and will likely be so well into 2016. Why? Because Windows 7 is still the most prevalent client OS among Microsoft’s enterprise customers. Windows 10 is gaining momentum, but it will take more time and testing before it takes over the business world.

That said, the MCSA: Windows 7 exams are now six years old, and Microsoft will want to retire them as soon as Windows 10 reaches a certain market share. Once this happens, the MCSA: Windows 7 track will be gone.

What about the MCSA: Windows 8 track? According to the MS Learning blog, the MCSA: Windows 8 certification is being retired on Jan. 31. The Windows 8.1 upgrade exams (70-689 and 70-692) will also be retired on that date. The two current Windows 8 MCSA exams (70-687 and 70-688) will be available until July 31 — but passing either exam will result in a Microsoft Specialist certification, not an MCSA.

Exit, MCSA: Windows 8 track. We hardly knew ye.

But, surely there will be an MCSA track for Windows 10, right? Wrong! And don’t call me Shirley. (Leslie Nielsen, FTW!)

The aforementioned smoking gun blog post states that passing one of the upcoming Windows 10 exams will earn candidates a Microsoft Specialist certification — and that these exams will be recommended prerequisites for the MCSE: Enterprise Devices and Apps track. So no, there will be no MCSA for Windows 10.

The sun may be going down on Microsoft's long-lived MCSA certification level.That just leaves us with nothing but the Windows Server and Office 365 MCSA tracks.

If the MCSA is to live on, it will most likely hang its hat on the upcoming Windows Server 2016 release. If this is not the case, however, then the MCSA for Windows Server 2008 and 2012 will eventually be retired, and that will be the end of the MCSA for Windows Server track.

That leaves the MCSA: Office 365 certification track. This oddball MCSA only contains two exams, and it isn’t hard to imagine that Microsoft would simply reclassify these exams as Specialist certifications to eliminate the MCSA: Office 365 track.

And, that’s it. If the above comes to pass, then the MCSA certification will no longer be available.

One last piece of info … in the MS Learning blog post, a commenter directly asked about the future of the MCSA certification. The response from the author of the post, Senior Product Manager for Technical Certification at Microsoft Learning Larry Kaye, was as follows:

“There are no plans to retire the MCSA level of certification at this time.” (Emphasis mine.)

So, we will see. Personally, I think there is ample evidence to demonstrate that Microsoft is at least seriously considering ending the MCSA. What do you think? Let us know in the comments below.

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IT pros average 52-hour workweek

Employees in small IT departments tend to work more hours than those in large IT departments

It’s no surprise that a majority of IT pros work more than 40 hours per week, but it’s interesting to learn that some are putting in significantly longer workweeks, according to new survey data from Spiceworks.

Among 600 IT pros surveyed, 54% said they work more than 40 hours per week. At the high end of the overtime group, 18% of respondents said they work more than 60 hours per week, and 17% said they top 50 hours per week. The average workweek among all respondents is 52 hours, Spiceworks reports.

The data comes at a time when hiring managers say it’s tough to hire experienced talent and IT pros say they’re more willing to switch jobs for a better offer. Companies claim to be boosting pay and increasing benefits and perks to entice employees – yet technical talent averages 10+ hours per day, according to the Spiceworks data.

Network jobs are hot; salaries expected to rise in 2016
When it surveyed respondents about IT staffing practices, Spiceworks hoped to find a consensus about the ideal IT staff-to-user ratio that would enable adequate incident response times without overworking IT staff. The company – which offers free management software and hosts a community for IT pros – didn’t come up with any universal formula, but it did share information about staffing trends across multiple industries and different sized companies. Here are a few of the survey findings.

Industry plays a big role in IT workload
IT pros who work in government and education are less likely to work extra hours than those in other industries. In education and government, only 33% and 37% of staff, respectively, work more than a 40-hour week.

In the construction/engineering and manufacturing industries, workweeks exceeding 50 hours are the norm. Construction/engineering is at the high end of the scale, with 72% of staff working long hours. In manufacturing, 60% of staff work more than a 40-hour week.

Large IT departments share workloads more effectively
Spiceworks found a correlation between the size of IT departments and the number of hours worked. Organizations with 40-hours-or-less workweeks tend to have larger IT departments (an average of 17 employees). Conversely, smaller IT departments tend to require more than 40 hours per week. The average overworked IT department has 10 or fewer staff members.

Helpdesk size, in particular, shapes the workload
Solving end users’ problems is one reason IT staff is overworked, Spiceworks concludes. Its survey found that IT pros in departments with more dedicated helpdesk technicians work fewer hours on average, while IT pros in departments with fewer helpdesk technicians tend to work more than 40 hours per week. Specifically, organizations with 40-hours-or-less workweeks have an average of 9 helpdesk technicians; organization with more than 40-hour workweeks have an average of 3 helpdesk technicians.

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Exam 77-418 Word 2013

Exam 77-418 Word 2013

Published: February 28, 2013
Languages: English
Audiences: Information workers
Technology: Microsoft Office 2013 suites
Credit toward certification: MOS

Skills measured
This exam measures your ability to accomplish the technical tasks listed below. The percentages indicate the relative weight of each major topic area on the exam. The higher the percentage, the more questions you are likely to see on that content area on the exam. View video tutorials about the variety of question types on Microsoft exams.

Please note that the questions may test on, but will not be limited to, the topics described in the bulleted text.

Do you have feedback about the relevance of the skills measured on this exam? Please send Microsoft your comments. All feedback will be reviewed and incorporated as appropriate while still maintaining the validity and reliability of the certification process. Note that Microsoft will not respond directly to your feedback. We appreciate your input in ensuring the quality of the Microsoft
Certification program.

If you have concerns about specific questions on this exam, please submit an exam challenge.


Create and manage documents
Create a document
Creating new blank documents, creating new documents using templates, importing files, opening non-native files directly in Word, opening a PDF in Word for editing
Navigate through a document
Searching for text within document, inserting hyperlinks, creating bookmarks, using Go To
Format a document
Modifying page setup, changing document themes, changing document style sets, inserting simple headers and footers, inserting watermarks, inserting page numbers
Customize options and views for documents
Changing document views, using zoom, customizing the quick access toolbar, customizing the ribbon, splitting the window, adding values to document properties, using show/hide, recording simple macros, assigning shortcut keys, managing macro security
Configure documents to print or save
Configuring documents to print, saving documents in alternate file formats, printing document sections, saving files to remote locations, protecting documents with passwords, setting print scaling, maintaining backward compatibility

Preparation resources
Basic tasks in Word 2013
Create your first Word 2013 document (training)
Move around in a document using the navigation pane

Format text, paragraphs, and sections
Insert text and paragraphs
Appending text to documents, finding and replacing text, copying and pasting text, inserting text via AutoCorrect, removing blank paragraphs, inserting built-in fields, inserting special characters
Format text and paragraphs
Changing font attributes, using find and replace to format text, using format painter, setting paragraph spacing, setting line spacing, clearing existing formatting, setting indentation, highlighting text selections, adding styles to text, changing text to WordArt, modifying existing style attributes
Order and group text and paragraphs
Preventing paragraph orphans, inserting breaks to create sections, creating multiple columns within sections, adding titles to sections, forcing page breaks

Preparation resources
Insert fields
Copy formatting using the format painter
Add a page break

Create tables and lists
Create a table
Converting text to tables, converting tables to text, defining table dimensions, setting AutoFit options, using quick tables, establishing titles
Modify a table
Applying styles to tables, modifying fonts within tables, sorting table data, configuring cell margins, using formulas, modifying table dimensions, merging cells
Create and modify a list
Adding numbering or bullets, creating custom bullets, modifying list indentation, modifying line spacing, increasing and decreasing list levels, modifying numbering

Preparation resources
Insert a table
Convert text to a table or a table to text
Change bullet style

Apply references
Create endnotes, footnotes, and citations
Inserting endnotes, managing footnote locations, configuring endnote formats, modifying footnote numbering, inserting citation placeholders, inserting citations, inserting bibliography, changing citation styles
Create captions
Inserting endnotes, managing footnote locations, configuring endnote formats, modifying footnote numbering, inserting citation placeholders, inserting citations, inserting bibliography, changing citation styles

Preparation resources
Add footnotes and endnotes
Create a bibliography

Insert and format objects
Insert and format building blocks
Inserting quick parts, inserting textboxes, utilizing building locks organizer, customizing building blocks
Insert and format shapes and SmartArt
Inserting simple shapes, inserting SmartArt, modifying SmartArt properties (color, size, shape), wrapping text around shapes, positioning shapes
Insert and format images
Inserting images, applying artistic effects, applying picture effects, modifying image properties (color, size, shape), adding uick styles to images, wrapping text around images, positioning images

Preparation resources
Quick parts
Change the color of a shape, shape border, or entire SmartArt graphic
Move pictures or clip art

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Exam 70-697 Configuring Windows Devices (beta)

Exam 70-697 Configuring Windows Devices (beta)

Published: September 1, 2015
Languages: English
Audiences: IT professionals
Technology Windows 10
Credit toward certification: Specialist

Skills measured
This exam measures your ability to accomplish the technical tasks listed below. The percentages indicate the relative weight of each major topic area on the exam. The higher the percentage, the more questions you are likely to see on that content area on the exam. View video tutorials about the variety of question types on Microsoft exams.

Please note that the questions may test on, but will not be limited to, the topics described in the bulleted text.

Do you have feedback about the relevance of the skills measured on this exam? Please send Microsoft your comments. All feedback will be reviewed and incorporated as appropriate while still maintaining the validity and reliability of the certification process. Note that Microsoft will not respond directly to your feedback. We appreciate your input in ensuring the quality of the Microsoft Certification program.

If you have concerns about specific questions on this exam, please submit an exam challenge.

Manage identity (13%)
Support Windows Store and cloud apps
Install and manage software by using Microsoft Office 365 and Windows Store apps, sideload apps by using Microsoft Intune, sideload apps into online and offline images, deeplink apps by using Microsoft Intune, integrate Microsoft account including personalization settings
Support authentication and authorization
Identifying and resolving issues related to the following: Multi-factor authentication including certificates, Microsoft Passport, virtual smart cards, picture passwords, and biometrics; workgroup vs. domain, Homegroup, computer and user authentication including secure channel, account policies, credential caching, and Credential Manager; local account vs. Microsoft account; Workplace Join; Configuring Windows Hello

Plan desktop and device deployment (13%)
Migrate and configure user data
Migrate user profiles; configure folder location; configure profiles including profile version, local, roaming, and mandatory
Configure Hyper-V
Create and configure virtual machines including integration services, create and manage checkpoints, create and configure virtual switches, create and configure virtual disks, move a virtual machine’s storage
Configure mobility options
Configure offline file policies, configure power policies, configure Windows To Go, configure sync options, configure Wi-Fi direct, files, powercfg, Sync Center
Configure security for mobile devices
Configure BitLocker, configure startup key storage

Plan and implement a Microsoft Intune device management solution (11%)
Support mobile devices
Support mobile device policies including security policies, remote access, and remote wipe; support mobile access and data synchronization including Work Folders and Sync Center; support broadband connectivity including broadband tethering and metered networks; support Mobile Device Management by using Microsoft Intune, including Windows Phone, iOS, and Android
Deploy software updates by using Microsoft Intune
Use reports and In-Console Monitoring to identify required updates, approve or decline updates, configure automatic approval settings, configure deadlines for update installations, deploy third-party updates
Manage devices with Microsoft Intune
Provision user accounts, enroll devices, view and manage all managed devices, configure the Microsoft Intune subscriptions, configure the Microsoft Intune connector site system role, manage user and computer groups, configure monitoring and alerts, manage policies, manage remote computers

Configure networking (11%)
Configure IP settings
Configure name resolution, connect to a network, configure network locations
Configure networking settings
Connect to a wireless network, manage preferred wireless networks, configure network adapters, configure location-aware printing
Configure and maintain network security
Configure Windows Firewall, configure Windows Firewall with Advanced Security, configure connection security rules (IPsec), configure authenticated exceptions, configure network discovery

Configure storage (10%)
Support data storage
Identifying and resolving issues related to the following: DFS client including caching settings, storage spaces including capacity and fault tolerance, OneDrive
Support data security
Identifying and resolving issues related to the following: Permissions including share, NTFS, and Dynamic Access Control (DAC); Encrypting File System (EFS) including Data Recovery Agent; access to removable media; BitLocker and BitLocker To Go including Data Recovery Agent and Microsoft BitLocker Administration and Monitoring (MBAM)

Manage data access and protection (11%)
Configure shared resources
Configure shared folder permissions, configure HomeGroup settings, configure libraries, configure shared printers, configure OneDrive
Configure file and folder access
Encrypt files and folders by using EFS, configure NTFS permissions, configure disk quotas, configure file access auditing Configure authentication and authorization

Manage remote access (10%)
Configure remote connections
Configure remote authentication, configure Remote Desktop settings, configure VPN connections and authentication, enable VPN reconnect, configure broadband tethering
Configure mobility options
Configure offline file policies, configure power policies, configure Windows To Go, configure sync options, configure Wi-Fi direct

Manage apps (11%)
Deploy and manage Azure RemoteApp
Configure RemoteApp and Desktop Connections settings, configure Group Policy Objects (GPOs) for signed packages, subscribe to the Azure RemoteApp and Desktop Connections feeds, export and import Azure RemoteApp configurations, support iOS and Android, configure remote desktop web access for Azure RemoteApp distribution
Support desktop apps
The following support considerations including: Desktop app compatibility using Application Compatibility Toolkit (ACT) including shims and compatibility database; desktop application co-existence using Hyper-V, Azure RemoteApp, and App-V; installation and configuration of User Experience Virtualization (UE-V); deploy desktop apps by using Microsoft Intune

Manage updates and recovery (10%)
Configure system recovery
Configure a recovery drive, configure system restore, perform a refresh or recycle, perform a driver rollback, configure restore points
Configure file recovery
Restore previous versions of files and folders, configure File History, recover files from OneDrive
Configure and manage updates
Configure update settings, configure Windows Update policies, manage update history, roll back updates, update Windows Store apps

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What’s behind the odd couple Microsoft-Red Hat partnership

Latest move by Microsoft to support open source technology.

No, hell has not frozen over, but yes Microsoft and Red Hat have announced a major partnership today.

In a collaboration that would have been unthinkable just a few years ago, Microsoft – the purveyor of the mainstream and proprietary Windows OS – has partnered with Red Hat, the champion of an enterprise-class iteration of Linux. And analysts say the move is good for both companies.

What’s actually happening
The meat and potatoes of this relationship is the ability to run Red Hat software – most notably its market leading Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL) -- on Microsoft Azure virtual machines. This adds to Microsoft’s support in recent years of numerous Linux guest operating systems on its cloud, including those from Canonical, SUSE and Oracle.

Initially, Red Hat’s existing customer licenses will be eligible to be used on Azure, and within a couple months Azure customers will have an opportunity to spin up cloud-based versions of RHEL and pay for them as they are used, the companies said.

Amazon Web Services – Microsoft Azure’s biggest competitor in the IaaS market – has actually had on-demand and bring-your-own RHEL license for years.

There’s more to the Microsoft-Red Hat deal though. Both Microsoft Executive Vice President Scott Guthrie and Red Hat Executive Vice President of Products Paul Cormier said that this is one of the deepest partnerships that their companies have signed. Microsoft and Red Hat are organizing a team of engineers from both companies in Redmond (where Microsoft is headquartered) that will provide joint support to common customers. “There’ll be no finger pointing,” Cormier said.

No other partner has joint-engineering operations co-located on the Microsoft campus, Guthrie said.

There are a number of other, smaller parts of this deal ,too: Red Hat’s distribution of OpenStack and OpenShift – the company’s IaaS and PaaS platforms – will now support Windows OS, .net apps and Windows containers.

“All existing Red Hat development tools and Red Hat container technology can now run on Microsoft Azure,” Guthrie said. Red Hat’s CloudForms management platform, which basically controls virtual and private cloud environments, will eventually administer Azure resources. The new Red Hat on Azure services will be launched in coming weeks and months.

Building trust
“In historical terms this is a monumental announcement,” wrote Al Hilwa, IDC’s software development research director. His colleague, Al Gillen, said this move likely would not have been possible under Steve Ballmer’s reign at Microsoft.

Guthrie and Cormier, the two executives who led the partnership, said it required building up trust between the companies. “We’ve had a long history of competition and maybe there wasn’t much trust there,” Cormier said. “We decided to trust and give it a chance.”

Guthrie says the partnership should be looked at in the broader lens of moves Microsoft has made: Microsoft has worked to support Office 365 on Android and iOS; it now supports the major Linux distros on Azure (he says one-quarter of all VMs on Azure are Linux).

“I don’t view today as a complete outlier in terms of the approach or philosophy we’re trying to take,” Guthrie said on a press conference call. “But rather it’s very consistent with the openness and customer centricity that in particular Satya [Nadella] as our CEO has driven. That has really grounded our principles.”

What it means
Analysts say the move sets Microsoft up to better compete in the IaaS cloud market. “The new Microsoft has taken bold new steps and has been on a path to partner with its fiercest rivals of past years,” Hilwa wrote. “Strategically, this is what is required to be a player at scale in the cloud platform wars.”
"It’s a big win for both companies but a bigger win for Red Hat."

Red Hat customers seemed to embrace the news too. “I think it’s a big win for both companies but a bigger win for Red Hat since Microsoft is now ‘all in’ with their distribution and technologies,” says Nicholas Gerasimatos, director of cloud services engineering at FICO, a big Red Hat user.

Many organizations use Microsoft SaaS tools like Office 365 and SharePoint and use RHEL for custom business applications or in their data center. “Microsoft and Red Hat's decision to collaborate will allow their common customers to target Azure as a preferred public cloud,” says Charles King of PundIT.

Maybe that will be enough to give some customers reason to stay with Microsoft when it comes to public cloud instead of jumping to AWS.

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2015 technology industry graveyard

2015 technology industry graveyard
Cisco, Microsoft, Google and others bury outdated technologies to move ahead with new ones.

Ba-bye
The Technology Industry Graveyard is pretty darn full in 2015, and we’re not even including the near-dead such as RadioShack and Microsoft’s IE browser. Pay your respects here…

GrooveShark
The self-described “World’s Music Library” is no more after shutting down in April in the wake of serious legal pressure by music companies whose songs GrooveShark allowed to be shared but had never licensed. Apple and Google had each kicked GrooveShark out of their app stores years ago due to complaints from music labels. Much more sadly than the 9-year-old company’s demise, however, was the death of co-founder Josh Greenberg in July at the age of just 28.

Typo iPhone keyboard
Not even the glamor of being co-founded by American Idol host Ryan Seacrest could help Typo Innovations save its iPhone keyboard, which BlackBerry said infringed on its patents. So instead, Typo bailed on the iPhone model and settled for selling ones for devices with screens 7.9-inches or larger (like iPads).

Amazon Fire Phone
With a product name like Fire, you’re just asking for colorful headlines if it bombs. And indeed, Amazon has stopped making its Fire Phone about a year after introducing it and media outlets were quick to highlight the company “extinguishing” it or remarking on the phone being “burnt out.” Amazon has had some success on the hardware front, namely with its Kindle line, but the Fire just didn’t distinguish itself and was going for free with a carrier contract by the end.

Interop New York
Interop Las Vegas carries on as one of the network industry’s top trade shows next May, but little sibling Interop New York is no more this year. The Fall show, traditionally held at the Javits Center since 2005, was always smaller and was discontinued for 2015 despite lively marketing material last year touting “More Than 30 Interop New York Exhibitors and Sponsors to Make Announcements in Anticipation of the Event.”

GTalk
Google ditched so many things in 2015 that we devoted an entire slideshow to Google’s Graveyard. So to choose just one representative item here, we remember Google Talk, which had a good run, starting up in 2005. But it’s never good when Google pulls out the term “deprecated” as it did in February in reference to this chat service’s Windows App. Google said it was pulling the plug on GTalk in part to focus on Google Hangouts in a world where people have plenty of other ways to chat online. However, Google Talk does live on via third-party apps.

Cisco Invicta storage products
Cisco has a good touch when it comes to acquisitions, but its $415 mlllion WHIPTAIL buyout from 2013 didn’t work out. The company in July revealed it had pulled the plug on its Invicta flash storage appliances acquired via that deal. It’s not unthinkable though that Cisco could go after another storage company, especially in light of the Dell-EMC union.

RapidShare
The once-popular file hosting system, begun in 2002, couldn’t withstand the onslaught of competition from all sides, including Google and Dropbox. Back in 2009, the Switzerland-based operation ran one of the Internet’s 20 most visited websites, according to Wikipedia. It shut down on March 31, and users’ leftover files went away with it.

Windows RT devices
This locked-down Microsoft OS for tablets and convertible laptops fared about as well as Windows 8, after being introduced as a prototype in 2011 at the big CES event in Las Vegas. Microsoft’s software for the 32-bit ARM architecture was intended to enable devices to exploit that architecture’s power efficiency, but overall, the offering proved to be a funky fit with existing Windows software. Production of RT devices stopped earlier in 2015 as Microsoft focuses on Win10 and more professional-focused Surface devices.

OpenStack vendor Nebula
As Network World’s Brandon Butler wrote in April, Nebula became one of the first casualties of the open source OpenStack cloud computing movement when it shuttered its doors. The company, whose founder was CIO for IT at NASA before starting Nebula in 2011, suggested in its farewell letter that it was a bit ahead of its time, unable to convert its $38 million in funding and hardware/software appliances into a sustainable business.

FriendFeed
Facebook bought this social news and information feed aggregator in 2009, two years after the smaller business started, and then killed it off in April. People have moved on to other means of gathering and discovering info online, so FriendFeed died from lack of use. It did inspire the very singular website, Is FriendFeed Dead Yet, however, so its legacy lives on.

Apple Aperture
Apple put the final nails in its Aperture photo editing app in 2015, ending the professional-quality post-production app’s 10-year run at Version 3.6. In its place, Apple introduced its Photos app for users of both its OS X Mac and iOS devices.

Secret
One of the co-founders of anonymous sharing app shared this in April: The company was shutting down and returning whatever part of its $35 million in funding was left. The company’s reality was just not going to meet up with his vision for it, said co-founder David Byttow. The company faced criticism that it, like other anonymous apps such as Yik Yak, allowed for cyberbullying.

Amazon Wallet
Amazon started the year by announcing its Wallet app, the company’s 6-month-old attempt to get into mobile payments, was a bust. The app, which had been in beta, allowed users to store their gift/loyalty/rewards cards, but not debit or credit cards as they can with Apple and Google mobile payment services.

Circa News app
Expired apps could easily fill an entire tech graveyard, so we won’t document all of their deaths here. But among them not making it through 2015 was Circa, which reportedly garnered some $4 million in venture funding since starting in 2012 but didn’t get enough takers for its app-y brand of journalism.

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